Go to https://www.givewell.org/realscience and pick YOUTUBE and enter REAL SCIENCE at checkout, for GiveWell to match your donation up to $100. Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-how-life-survives-on-underwater-volcanoes New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (null) References: [1] https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/29-4_phillips.pdf [2] https://www.science.org/content/article/surprise-undersea-volcano-could-offer-unique-window-earth-s-interior [3] https://theconversation.com/deep-sea-volcanic-eruptions-create-megaplumes-that-may-have-dispersed-early-life-159264 [4] https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=255060 [5] https://www.jstor.org/stable/24861089 [6] https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/the-discovery-of-hydrothermal-vents/#:~:text=They%20unveiled%20a%20discovery%20that,first%20known%20active%20hydrothermal%20vent. [7] https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/deep-sea-tubeworms-get-versatile-inside-help [8] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016018 [9] https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375424/1/28-1_nautilus.pdf [10] https://www.jstor.org/stable/30052221 [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390001/ [12] https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/logs/aug31/aug31.html [13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064516303058?via%3Dihub [14] https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL099293 [15] https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-acidification [16] https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts