The first non-ideal gas law - the van der Waals equation of state: history, derivation, implications, and why we teach it... but don't necessary apply it. See Part 1 on the critical point and 3D phase diagrams: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQazmQ50SZU ____________________________________ ** References ** B. Berche, M. Henkel, R. Kenna; Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física (2009) DOI: 10.1590/S1806-11172009000200015 C. Cagniard de la Tour, Ann. Chim. Phys., 21 (1822) 127-132; Supplément, ibid., 178-182. R. C. Weast (1972). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 53rd Edition. Chemical Rubber Pub. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. (1963). 38, 2686. Thermal Fluids Central (Global Digital Central), http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Properties_of_pure_substances https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/Introductory_Chemistry%2C_Atoms_First_for_FCC/08%3A_Gases/8.01%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases-_A_Molecular_Comparison https://www.webelements.com/ https://www.wikipedia.org/ Grant Sanderson, "Math's pedagogical curse | Grant Sanderson JPBM Award Lecture, JMM 2023" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOuxo6SA8Uc ** Images ** P. G. Tait, A. C. Brown: Frontispiece of The Scientific Papers of the Late Thomas Andrews. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5736169 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg Yasrena: Brownian motion of 350 nm polymer nanoparticles, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103517324 E. Rossen: Atomically resolved STM image of clean Au(100). https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1790142 Image by kues1 on Freepik. https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/old-metal-balance-weigh_968945.htm G. Kneller: Portrait of Isaac Newton. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101534333 O. J. Turner: Photograph of Albert Einstein. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=925243