🌎 Get our exclusive NordVPN deal here ➡️ https://NordVPN.com/sabine It's risk-free with Nord's 30-day money-back guarantee! More info about their new Threat Protection here: 👉https://nordvpn.com/pt-br/blog/threat-protection/ How much of an advantage to trans women have over cis women? How much does hormone therapy do about it? In this video we look at what the scientific literature says about this. The paper I mention at 1 mins 20 seconds is here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4276263/ (Beware: graphic content.) Estimates for the frequency of disorders of sex development that I quote at 1 minutes 50 seconds are from here: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045263/ The paper about serum androgen levels I discuss at 2 minutes 50 seconds is here: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25137421/ The paper about testosterone levels I mention at 4 minutes 20 seconds is this: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24593684/ The paper about hormone treatment I discuss at 7 mins 10 seconds is here: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/8/7/EC-19-0196.xml The paper I mention at 7 mins 55 seconds is this: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31794605/ The meta-analysis at 8 mins 48 seconds is here: https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/15/865 The paper about the long-term effects of hormone therapy that I mention at 9 mins 35 seconds is this: https://academic.oup.com/jes/article/5/Supplement_1/A792/6241278 The study about ultra-running among casual athletes that I mention at 13 mins 10 seconds is here: https://runrepeat.com/state-of-ultra-running Estimates for the number of transgender people in the USA are from here: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303578 And Estimates for the number of transgender people in Brazil are from here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81411-4 Many thanks to Jordi Busqué for helping with this video http://jordibusque.com/ You can support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/Sabine We now have a newsletter with weekly science updates! It's completely free and you can unsubscribe at any time. Subscribe here: https://sabinehossenfelder.com/ 0:00 Intro 0:26 Intersex Conditions 3:17 Testosterone Levels 5:02 Trans Athletes 7:08 The Effects of Hormonal Treatment 9:51 The Question of Fairness 11:23 The Relevance of Entertainment 13:49 The Actual Problem 14:54 Sponsor Message