In this tool-assisted education video I create a raytracer from scratch. The raytracer renders in 16-color VGA palette at 640x480 resolution. Twitter: https://twitter.com/RealBisqwit Patreon: https://patreon.com/Bisqwit (alternatives at https://iki.fi/bisqwit/donate.html) Twitch: https://twitch.tv/RealBisqwit Homepage: https://iki.fi/bisqwit/ Source code: ‣ https://bisqwit.iki.fi/jkp/raytrace.cpp (only compiles in Borland C++ 3.1 and runs in DOS; this is verbatim the program that I wrote in this video) ‣ https://bisqwit.iki.fi/jkp/raytrace2.cpp (runs on most OSes, uses OpenMP thread-parallelism) ‣ https://bisqwit.iki.fi/jkp/raytrace3.cpp (runs on most OSes, uses CUDA for GPU parallelism, depends on this header file: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/jkp/helper_cuda.h) List of programs written by me that made this video possible: - ADLMIDI (This plays MIDI files through OPL3 emulation) - JAINPUT (Japanese input editor) - E.EXE (Full-screen DOS editor) - SPCPLAY (This plays SPC files, which are SNES music), however see below - New.php (With this I architected how exactly to input the code, where to resize the screen and where to scroll the window etc.) - INPUTTER (This tool ensured that the plan is followed perfectly, given the time constraints) - SPCtoMIDI (This converts log files created by SPCPLAY into MIDI files) - Firstframe.php (This rendered the various effects at 11:10 to 11:54 , after which the real rendered frames were displayed verbatim. The slowness in the beginning was how the BC++ compiled program would have appeared, but it was simulated with this PHP program.) - Animmerger (This ensured that the frames produced by Firstframe.php were indeed of the EGA palette and dithered the same way as the raytracing was) - Hudmaker (This converts raw audio and video streams and overlays graphical items, like subtitles, into it, and sends result to encoder) - Tile4 (This did the four-video inset at the end of the video. I got the idea from Freddy Wong (user:Freddiew).) List of significant programs involved that were not written by me (all but BC++ are open-source): - DOSBox and its associated utilities like "mount" - FreeDOS command prompt - Borland C++ compiler, Turbo Assembler, Turbo Link - SNES9x (I used portions of SNES9x in SPCPLAY) - MEncoder (Video+Audio Encoder; The video recorded by DOSBox was of varying FPS and of varying resolution, due to all the screenmode changes. With MEncoder I resampled them all into a common format, which was 3200x2400 120-fps RGB16 raw video.) - Lzop (I compressed raw video streams with this for intermediate storage) - GCC, GNU assembler, GNU gold (After verifying that the program works on BC++, I compiled the actual raytracer with this and did the actual rendering on a multicore Linux server, because raytracing is, well, quite slow) - Imagemagick (This converted 16-bit PNGs into 8-bit ones) - Audacity (I mixed audio tracks together with this tool) - Sox (I may have used it to convert WAV from/to RAW) - X264 (Video Encoder, used for the final encoding) - Oggenc (Audio Encoder, used for the final encoding) - MKVmerge (Video+Audio Multiplexer, used for the final encoding) - HDPMI32 also makes an appearance in this video, but it's a decoy, as is ADLMIDI in this video. The audio produced within DOSBox was discarded, because it was choppy. I recorded and mixed the audio separately. More source code links: ADLMIDI: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/source/adlmidi.html JAINPUT: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/source/jainput.html Animmerger: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/source/animmerger.html Hudmaker: https://bisqwit.iki.fi/source/hudmaker.html